Kamati Kuu CCM

Mwinyi, Mkapa waachwa rasmi

 Kamati Kuu CCM

Mbali na viongozi hao waliowahi kuwa wenyeviti wa CCM, pia watakuwapo, Salmin Amour, Amani Abedi Karume, John Malecela na Pius Msekwa waliowahi kushika wadhifa wa Makamu wa Mwenyekiti wa Zanzibar na Tanzania Bara.

Wazo la kuunda baraza la wazee lilitolewa Aprili, 2011 katika kikao cha NEC baada ya wazee kuombwa kutohudhuriwa vikao vya CC kutokana na kuhitaji safari ndefu za mara kwa mara wakati wana umri mkubwa.

Kwa ombi hilo, NEC iliridhia mabadiliko hayo ya katiba wakati wa kikao chake kilichoketi Februari 12, 2012.

Madiwani wa Bukoba kikaangoni

Hatima ya madiwani wanane waliofutiwa uanachama huko mkoani Kagera itafahamika wikiendi hii wakati CC itakapokutana leo. Baada ya CC, kikao cha NEC kitafanyika kesho na keshokutwa.

Nape alisema suala la madiwani wa Bukoba litakuwa miongoni mwa ajenda za kikao cha CC.

Halmashauri ya CCM, Mkoa wa Kagera hivi karibuni iliwafukuza uanachama madiwani hao kutokana na kushirikiana na wale wa Chadema na CUF kupinga uongozi wa Meya wa Mji wa Bukoba, Anatory Amani.

Waliofukuzwa ni Richard Gaspar (Miembeni ), Murungi Kichwabuta (Viti Maalumu), Alexander Ngalinda ambaye pia ni Naibu Meya (Buhembe), Yusuf Ngaiza ambaye pia ni Mwenyekiti wa CCM wa Wilaya (Kashai), Deusdedit Mutakyahwa (Nyanga), Robert Katunzi (Hamugembe), Samwel Ruhangisa (Kitendaguro) na Dauda Kalumuna (Ijuganyondo).

Baada ya kufukuzwa, Sekretarieti ya CCM ilitoa taarifa kupinga hatua hiyo ikisema Halmashauri ya Mkoa wa Kagera haikuwa na madaraka ya kuwatimua madiwani hao.

Ajenda nyingine

Nape alisema ajenda nyingine za CC zitakuwa kujadili maoni ya wanaCCM juu ya rasimu ya Katiba, hali ya kisiasa na masuala ya utumishi. Alisema NEC itajadili ajenda moja tu ya maoni ya rasimu ya Katiba Mpya.

Rwanda yamchimba Salma Kikwete .....

Mlima Kilimanjaro

Rwanda yamchimba Salma Kikwete

MSIGANO wa kauli baina ya Rais Jakaya Kikwete na Rais Paul Kagame wa Rwanda, unazidi kuchukua sura mpya ambapo sasa vyombo vya habari vya Rwanda vimeanza kuichafua familia ya Rais Kikwete, Mtanzania Jumatano limebaini.

Baadhi ya vyombo vya habari nchini Rwanda, vimeanza kuuhusisha ushauri wa Rais Kikwete kwa Rais Kagame wa kumtaka awe tayari kukaa meza moja na waasi wa kundi la FDLR wanaopigana na Serikali ya Rwanda kutoka Mashariki ya Kongo, kuwa msingi wake unatokana na undugu uliopo kati ya mke wake, Mama Salma Kikwete na wabaya wa Kagame.

Wabaya wa Kagame ambao wanatajwa kuwa na undugu wa damu na Mama Salma Kikwete ni Wahutu ambao ni wapinzani wa serikali ya sasa ya Rwanda.

Mtandao wa Rwandanews ambao ni maarufu nchini humo, umeandika kuwa hiyo ndiyo iliyomfanya Rais Kikwete kugeuka kuwa kiongozi pekee duniani anayewaonea huruma waasi wa kundi la FDLR wa mashariki mwa Kongo tangu mwaka 1994.

Ukizinukuu taarifa za siri zinazodaiwa kuvujishwa na Ubalozi wa Marekani hapa nchini kwenye mtandao wa Wikileaks, mtandao huo ulidai kuwa mke wa Rais Kikwete, Mama Salma ni binamu wa Kiongozi wa zamani wa Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana.

Habyarimana ambaye kwa kabila ni Mhutu, alikuwa Rais wa pili wa Rwanda, aliyeuawa mwaka 1994 baada ya ndege aliyokuwa amepanda kutunguliwa.

Sababu za kutunguliwa kwa ndege yake hazijulikani, ingawa jina la Rais Kagame limekuwa likitajwa kuhusika kwa sababu za kutaka madaraka kwa kutumia ukabila.

Kwa mujibu wa mtandao huo wa Rwandanews, taarifa za Mama Salma kuhusishwa na Habyarimana, zilibainika baada ya kurushwa kwenye mtandao huo Mei 5, 2005 na mtu aliyetajwa kwa jina la Shabyna Stillman, ambaye ni Mwanadiplomasia mwandamizi katika Ubalozi wa Marekani, Dar es Salaam.

Wakati taarifa hizo zikitumwa kwenye mtandao, inasemekana ubalozi wa Marekani ulikuwa ukitoa taarifa juu ya uteuzi wa Kikwete kupeperusha bendera ya CCM kwenye uchaguzi wa rais mwishoni mwa mwaka huo.

Ukinukuu kile ilichodai kuwa ni sehemu ya taarifa zilizochapishwa kwenye mtandao huo wa Wikileaks, uliandika;

“Kwa miaka mingi, waangalizi wa migogoro ya Maziwa Makuu wamekuwa wakimchukulia Kikwete kwamba anawaunga mkono Wahutu.”

“Kikwete kuoa binamu wa Rais wa zamani wa Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana pengine huenda ikawa kumechochea fununu hizi, ambazo zimekuwa kama upepo uliozima mgogoro wa Burundi,” inaeleza sehemu ya taarifa ya mtandao huo.

Chombo hicho cha habari kilidai kuwa mapenzi ya Kikwete na Wahutu yanaweza kuonekana wazi wakati akiwaunga mkono waasi wa Burundi, walipokuwa wakipambana na Rais wa zamani Pierre Buyoya.

Kwamba tangu mwaka 1995 hadi 2005 wakati Rais Kikwete alipokuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje, amekuwa mstari wa mbele kuwatetea waasi hao.

Hata hivyo wakati kukiwa na maswali kuhusu uhalisia wa suala hilo, Mama Salma Kikwete ambaye ni mwenyeji wa maeneo ya Kusini, hajawahi kulizungumza wala kulitolea ufafanuzi wowote.

Lakini kuibuka kwa taarifa hizi wakati huu, kunachochewa na msigano wa kauli, uliojitokeza kati ya Rais Kikwete na Kagame,

Siku chache baada ya Rais Kikwete kumpa ushauri wa kukaa meza moja na waasi wa FDLR, Kagame alinukuliwa na vyombo mbalimbali vya habari nchini Rwanda akimkejeli Kikwete hata kufikia hatua ya kutoa kauli zenye mwelekeo wa vitisho dhidi yake.

 


Kauli hizo za Kagame zilisababisha Rais Kikwete, kupitia katika hotuba yake mwishoni mwa mwezi Julai, kujibu mashambulizi huku akieleza bayana kushangazwa na kushtushwa na kejeli na matusi yaliyokuwa yakielekezwa kwake.

Akitumia maneno ya kidiplomasia ambayo yametafsiriwa na baadhi ya wachambuzi wa masuala ya diplomasia na sayansi ya siasa kuwa yanabeba ujumbe mzito, Rais Kikwete alisema alikuwa amesikia yote yanayosemwa kutoka Rwanda na alikuwa hakusudii kuyapuuza.

Wakati hali ikiendelea kuwa ni ya mashaka na kutoaminiana kati ya Tanzania na Rwanda, wiki iliyopita Mtanzania Jumatano, lilikuwa na habari kubwa yenye kichwa cha habari kisemacho; ‘Nini kinamtia Jeuri Kagame?’ ambayo pamoja na mambo mengine, ilieleza namna kiongozi huyo anavyopatiwa baadhi ya taarifa zisizo za kweli na watu wenye asili ya Rwanda waliojipenyeza katika taasisi mbalimbali nyeti za umma.

Taarifa zilizolifikia gazeti muda mfupi kabla ya kwenda mitamboni zinaeleza kuwa Serikali ya Tanzania imekanusha madai hayo.

Mkurugenzi wa Idara ya Habari MAELEZO, Assah Mwambene, jana aliwaambia waandishi wa habari kuwa taarifa zilizoandikwa kwenye mtandao wa “twitter” na Wanyarwanda kuwa Rais Kikwete ni shemeji wa aliyekuwa Rais wa Rwanda, Havyarimana hazina ukweli wowote.

BOSHAZI....Blog

Tanzania tena Yang'ara....Rais wa NECTA barani Africa ni Mama wa Tanzania,

Bosi Necta ateuliwa Rais

 Mitihani barani Afrika

Katibu Mtendaji wa Baraza la Mitihani Tanzania ( Necta), Dk Joyce Ndalichako, ameteuliwa kuwa Rais wa Umoja wa Mabaraza ya Mitihani Afrika (AEAA), nafasi ambayo awali ilikuwa ikishikiliwa na Serara Moahi wa Botswana.

JICHO LA AFRICA LAMULIKA ...(TZ)

Akizungumza baada ya kutangazwa kuteuliwa kwake, Dk Ndalichako alisema atatumia fursa hiyo kuendeleza ajenda mbalimbali zitakazosaidia kuinua elimu Bara la Afrika.

“Hii ni heshima ya pekee kwa Baraza la Mitihani Tanzania, kipindi cha mwaka mmoja nikiwa Rais wa AEAA nitaendeleza yaliyoanzishwa na mtangulizi wangu, pia kutekeleza ajenda mbalimbali zitakazoleta manufaa kwa nchi yetu,” alisema Dk Ndalichako. Pia, alisema atajitahidi kuwa mbunifu na kupanua ushirikiano na nchi nyingine.

, kuhakikisha anawajengea uwezo zaidi wafanyakazi wa mabaraza ya mitihani kwa nchi wanachama.

“Kwa mfano kwetu naona changamoto kubwa ni suala la standardisation (kusanifisha alama za mitihani), nitajitahidi kuhakikisha watu wetu wanajengewa uwezo kwenye nyanja hii,” alisema.

Alitumia fursa hiyo kushauri nchi za Afrika kuhakikisha zinatilia mkazo zaidi kuongeza walimu wa kutosha, walio bora na vifaa vya kujifunzia. Kaimu Katibu Mkuu Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi, Selestine Gesimba, alisema kupata cheo hicho ni heshima kwa nchi yetu ya Tanzania.

ZIGUA SIMO NA NJERO

Tanzania na Malawi.

Rais wa Malawi, Joyce Banda akimkaribisha Rais Jakaya Kikwete baada ya kuwasili katika Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Lilongwe tayari kuhudhuria mkutano wa wakuu wa nchi za SADC unaofanyika kwa siku mbili kuanzia leo nchini humo (Picha kwa hisani ya Ikulu)

Picha zaidi tembelea ==> http://bit.ly/14RdW5e

LEMBELI : VIGOGO SERIKALINI NI MAJANGILINI

LEMBELI :

 

 

 VIGOGO SERIKALINI NI MAJANGILINI

SILAHA

Kamati ya Bunge ya Ardhi,

 Maliasili na Mazingira imesema vigogo wakubwa wa serikali wanaongoza kwa kujihusisha na biashara ya pembe za ndovu ndiyo maana zoezi la kuzuia majangili halifanikiwi kwa miaka mingi.

Mwenyekiti wa Kamati hiyo, Mheshimiwa James Lembeli (MB), alitoa kauli hiyo ijini Dar es Salaam, muda mfupi baada ya Kamati yake kumaliza kikao katika ofisi ndogo za Bunge na kusema kuwa wabunge wamepiga kelele kwa muda mrefu kuhusu tatizo la ujangili wa kuua tembo, lakini serikali inawapuuza kwa kuwa vigogo wake ndiyo wanaohusika.

Mheshimiwa Lembeli alisema vyombo vya dola navyo watumishi wake wanahusika kwa kuwa wanaona wakubwa wao ambao ni vigogo wa serikali wanafanya biashara hiyo haramu ambayo inazidi kuangamiza tembo kila mwaka.

Lembeli alitanabahisha kuwa Kamati yake mara kadhaa imekuwa ikishauri namna ya kukabiliana na vitendo vya ujangili wa kuua tembo, lakini serikali imekuwa haichukui hatua na kwamba baadhi ya bandari ikiwamo ya Dar es Salaam zinatumika kusafirisha meno ya tembo.

Aliongeza kuwa mwaka 2011, Rais Jakaya Kikwete alitembelea Wizara ya Maliasili na Utalii na kuwauliza kama wanahitaji awaongezee nguvu ili kupambana na ujangili, lakini wao mpaka sasa wamekaa kimya hawajasema kama wameshindwa ili wapatiwe msaada.

Majangili wanatumia silaha nzito na maboga kwa kuyaweka sumu na tembo anapokula humchukua dakika 20 kupoteza uhai na hapo majangili hao huchukua meno yao. Meno ya tembo hutengenezea vitu vya urembo kama pete, bangili, mikufu na vitu hivyo huvaliwa na watu wakubwa kama wafalme na malkia.

Hivi karibuni, baadhi ya watumishi katika vyombo vya dola wakiwamo askari polisi na wanajeshi wamekuwa wakikamatwa na meno ya tembo matukio ambayo yanaelezwa kuwa ni hatari kwa kuwa wao ndiyo walinzi wa usalama na maliasili za taifa.

WAZIRI MWAKYEMBE AIBUKIA UWANJA WA NDEGE

 

 

WAZIRI MWAKYEMBE AIBUKIA UWANJA WA NDEGE 

 ALFAJIRI SAA 10 KWA KUSHTUKIZA

  Waziri wa Uchukuzi, Dr. Harrison Mwakyembe, ameanza kufanya ziara ya kushtukiza jana saa 10 alfajiri katika Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Mwalimu Julius Nyerere (JNIA), kuangalia mwenendo mzima wa usafirishaji wa mzigo.

Katika ziara hiyo alitembelea vitengo mbalimbali, kikiwemo cha ukaguzi wa mizigo na abiria pamoja na kitengo cha kamera, ambako hivi karibuni kupita dawa za kulevya za mabilioni. Waziri amefanya ziara hiyo siku tatu baada ya kuahidi kuhakikisha inawatia mbaroni watu wanaojihusisha na usafirisha wa dawa za kulevya kupitia viwanja vya ndege nchini.

Kwa mujibu wa taarifa iliyotolewa na Meneja wa Usalama wa JNIA, Clemence Jingu, alikiri kuwa Dr. Mwakyembe alifanya ziara hiyo ya kushtukiza ambapo alioneshwa maeneo pamoja na hatua mbalimbali zinazochukuliwa uwanjani hapo wakati wa ukaguzi wa mizigo. Aidha Dr. Mwakyembe alitembelea eneo ambalo dawa za kulevya zilizokamatwa Afrika Kusini zilipitia.

Alisema Dr. Mwakyembe aliona hali ya ukaguzi inavyofanyika ikiwa ni pamoja na mitambo inayotumiwa katika eneo hilo na kubaini kuwa dawa hizo zilionekana katika mizigo lakini hakuna hatua zilizochukuliwa hali inayoonyesha kuwa huenda kuna njama zilizofanywa na maofisa waliokuwa wanakagua mizigo hiyo.
Taarifa kutoka JNIA zinaendelea kusema, watendaji wa JNIA walikiri kuwa siku ya tukio eneo hilo lilikuwa na maofisa Polisi pekee kwa kuwa mbwa wanaotumika kubaini dawa hizo walicheleweshwa kufika.

Dr. Mwakyembe ameahidi kuwa “kama sehemu ya wajibu wake wa kulitetea Taifa hili, anajitoa muhanga kuhakikisha Wizara yake inawatia mbaroni watu wanaojihusisha na usafirishaji wa madawa ya kulevya, kupitia viwanja vya ndege nchini.”

WANAOTAFUTA KAZI NI WENGI, AJIRA NI CHACHE

 WANAOTAFUTA KAZI NI WENGI,

 AJIRA NI CHACHE

Wakala wa Huduma za Ajira Tanzania (TAESA), imesema inakabiliwa na changamoto mbalimbali, ikiwamo kutokuwa na fursa za kazi za kutosha ukilinganisha na idadi ya wahitimu/watafuta kazi waliopo katika soko la ajira.

Akizungumza mwishoni mwa wiki, jijini Dar es Salaam, Msemaji wa TAESA, Peter Ugater, alisema kwa sasa wahitimu na watafuta ajira wamekuwa ni wengi kulinganisha na nafasi za kazi zilizopo. Alizitaja changamoto nyingine kuwa ni kutokuwa na rasilimali za kutosha kuwezesha kufikia malengo ya wakala, watafuta kazi wengi kuwa na matarajio makubwa kuliko hali halisi ya soko la ajira, pia baadhi ya waajiri na watafuta kazi kutotumia huduma za wakala nchini.

Katika kukabiliana na changamoto hizo, Peter Ugater alisema TAESA ina mikakati mbalimbali kama vile kukusanya, kuchambua na kusambaza taarifa za soko la ajira na kuendeleza rasilimali watu ili kuongeza tija na ufanisi.

Nyingine ni kuendelea kuwaunganisha watafutakazi na waajiri ndani na nje ya nchi na kufanya utafiti katika Nyanja za upatikanaji wa fursa za ajira pamoja na kuendelea kuainisha wakala binafsi kwa lengo la kutoa huduma hiyo nchi nzima.

Pia, Ugater alisema mpaka sasa TAESA imeshawahudumia jumla ya wateja 13,188 kati yao ikiwa watafutakazi 1,229, waajiri 830 na wakala binafsi 60 na kuendesha vipindi kwa watafutakazi 426 kwa lengo la kuwajengea uwezo wa kuhimili ushindani na changamoto zilizopo katika soko la ajira.

JAPAN YAICHAGUA TANZANIA KUWA KITOVU CHA BIASHARA AFRIKA

 

JAPAN YAICHAGUA TANZANIA KUWA

 KITOVU CHA BIASHARA AFRIKA

 

 

- Kuboresha reli ya kati, bandari ya Dar na kujenga viwanda

Japan imeichagua Tanzania kuwa kitovu cha biashara na uwekezaji barani Afrika, ili kuiwezesha kuwa na uchumi imara na wenye uwezo kuondoa umaskini na kuongeza fursa za ajira.

Taarifa ya Ikulu iliyotolewa jijini Dar es Salaam jana, ilisema katika kufikia azma hiyo, Japan itasaidia kuboresha reli ya kati, kuipanua bandari ya Dar es Salaam iwe ya kisasa na kujenga viwanda vikiwamo vya kutengeneza pikipiki za Honda.

Kwa mujibu wa taarifa hiyo, Tanzania itapata fursa ya kuwa mshirika wa kwanza wa Japan, ikiwa ni matokeo ya mazungumzo baina ya Rais Jakaya Kikwete na Waziri Mkuu wa Japan, Shinzo Abe yaliyofanyika Tokyo Juni, mwaka huu.

Uamuzi huo wa Japan, ulitangazwa rasmi jana Ikulu jijini Dar es Salaam na Waziri wa Uchumi, Biashara na Viwanda wa nchi hiyo, Toshimistu Motegi, alipozungumza na Rais Kikwete. Motegi, alisema Japan itawatumia wataalamu wake kuiboresha reli ya kati kwa kujenga njia ya kimataifa itakayokuwa mbadala wa reli nyembamba iliyopo sasa.

Mazungumzo hayo yalihudhuriwa pia na Waziri wa Nchi Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu, Uwekezaji na Uwezeshaji, Dk. Mary Nagu, Viwanda na Biashara, Dk. Abdallah Kigoda na Waziri wa Uchukuzi, Dk. Harrison Mwakyembe.

Motegi ameambatana na wafanyabiashara wa Japan watakaokutana na wale wa ndani, ikiwa ni moja ya mkakati wa kuifanya Tanzania nchi ya mfano katika Afrika kwenye uwekezaji na uchumi ulioimarika.
Waziri huyo pia alisema Japan imekusudia kuhakikisha bidhaa ambazo zinanunuliwa kutoka Japan, zinazalishwa hapa nchini kwenye viwanda vitakavyojengwa na kampuni za nchini humo.
Alisema, kampuni mbili za Honda na Panasonic zitajenga viwanda vya kutengeneza pikipiki za Honda na kuzalisha vifaa vya umeme.
Pia, alisema kadhalika kampuni za Japan zitawekeza kwenye kilimo hasa cha pamba na kuanzisha viwanda vya nguo.

Akiwa Tokyo, Rais Kikwete alimtaka Waziri Mkuu, Abe kuwekeza zaidi barani Afrika akisisitiza kuwa Japan ni moja ya mataifa makubwa duniani ambayo yamefanikiwa kupata soko Afrika hasa eneo la magari.

Kwame Nkrumah

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Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah
Kwame Nkrumah
3rd Chairman of the Organization of African Unity
In office 21 October 1965 – 24 February 1966
Preceded by	Gamal Abdel Nasser
Succeeded by	Joseph Arthur Ankrah
1st President of Ghana
In office 1 July 1960 – 24 February 1966
Preceded by	Elizabeth II as Head of State Himself as Head of Government
Succeeded by	Joseph Arthur Ankrah as Chairman of the National Liberation Council
1st Prime Minister of Ghana
In office 6 March 1957 – 1 July 1960
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governor General	Sir Charles Arden-Clarke (until 24 June 1957) Lord Listowel (24 June 1957 – 1 July 1960)
Preceded by	Office Established
Succeeded by	Himself as President of Ghana
Personal details
Born	10 October 1909 Nkroful, Gold Coast
Died	27 April 1972 (aged 62) Bucharest, Romania
Nationality	British, Ghanaian
Political party	Convention People's Party
Spouse(s)	Fathia Rizk
Children	Francis, Gamal, Samia and Sekou
Profession	Lecturer
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Kwame Nkrumah, P.C.^[1] (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1951 to 1966. Overseeing the nation's independence from British colonial rule in 1957, Nkrumah was the first President of Ghana and the first Prime Minister of Ghana. An influential 20th-century advocate of Pan-Africanism, he was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963. He saw himself as an African Lenin.^[2]

Contents

• 1 Early life and education
• 2 Return to the Gold Coast
• 3 Independence
• 4 Politics
• 5 Economics
• 6 Decline and fall
• 7 Exile, death and tributes
• 8 Works by Kwame Nkrumah
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 Further reading
• 12 External links

Early life and education

Kwame Nkrumah was born in 1909^[3][4] in Nkroful, Gold Coast.^[5][6] Nkrumah trained to be a teacher at Achimota School in Accra from 1925 to 1935.^[1][7] For the following five years he worked as a teacher in several schools in the Gold Coast including a Catholic school in Axim, while saving money to continue his education in the USA. In 1935 he sailed from Takoradi, the Gold Coast's main port, to Liverpool in England, and made his way to London where he obtained his student visa from the US Embassy. It was while he was in London in late 1935 that he heard the news of Fascist Italy's invasion of Abyssinia, an event that outraged the young Nkrumah and influenced his political development. In October 1935 Nkrumah sailed from Liverpool to the United States and enrolled in Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. He graduated with a BA in 1939, and received a Bachelor of Sacred Theology in 1942. Nkrumah earned a Master of Science in education from the University of Pennsylvania in 1942, and a Master of Arts in philosophy the following year. While lecturing in political science at Lincoln he was elected president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada. As an undergraduate at Lincoln he participated in at least one student theater production and published an essay on European government in Africa in the student newspaper, The Lincolnian.^[8]
During his time in the United States, Nkrumah preached at black Presbyterian Churches in Philadelphia and New York City.^[9] He read books about politics and divinity, and tutored students in philosophy. Nkrumah encountered the ideas of Marcus Garvey and in 1943 met and began a lengthy correspondence with Trinidadian Marxist C. L. R. James, Russian expatriate Raya Dunayevskaya, and Chinese-American Grace Lee Boggs, all of whom were members of a US-based Trotskyist intellectual cohort. Nkrumah later credited James with teaching him "how an underground movement worked". Nkrumah's association with these radicals drew him to the attention of the FBI and he was under surveillance by early 1945.
He arrived in London in May 1945, intending to study at the LSE.^[9] After meeting with George Padmore, he helped organize the Fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester, England. Then he founded the West African National Secretariat to work towards the decolonization of Africa. Nkrumah served as Vice-President of the West African Students' Union (WASU). Nkrumah's association with left wing radicals meant that he was watched by Special Branch while he was in England between 1945 and 1947.

Return to the Gold Coast

In the autumn of 1947, Nkrumah was invited to serve as the General Secretary to the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) under Joseph Boakye Danquah.^[10] This political convention was exploring paths to independence. Nkrumah accepted the position and sailed for the Gold Coast. After brief stops in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and the Ivory Coast, he arrived in the Gold Coast on 10 December 1947.
On 28 February 1948, police fired on African ex-servicemen protesting the rising cost of living, killing or injuring sixty eight. The shooting spurred riots in Accra, Kumasi, and elsewhere. The government suspected the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) was behind the protests and on 12 March 1948 arrested Nkrumah and other party leaders. Realizing their error, the British released the convention leaders on 12 April 1948. After his imprisonment by the colonial government, Nkrumah emerged as the leader of the youth movement in 1948.
After his release, Nkrumah hitchhiked around the country. He proclaimed that the Gold Coast needed "self-governance now", and built a large power base. Cocoa farmers rallied to his cause because they disagreed with British policy to contain swollen shoot disease. He invited women to participate in the political process at a time when women's suffrage was new to Africa. The trade unions also allied with his movement. On 12 June 1949, he organized these groups into a new political party: The Convention People's Party (CPP).
The British convened a selected commission of middle-class Africans to draft a new constitution that would give Ghana more self-government. Under the new constitution, only those with sufficient wage and property would be allowed to vote. Nkrumah organized a "People's Assembly" with CPP party members, youth, trade unionists, farmers, and veterans. They called for universal franchise without property qualifications, a separate house of chiefs, and self-governing status under the Statute of Westminster 1931. These amendments, known as the Constitutional Proposals of October 1949, were rejected by the colonial administration.

Prime Minister of the Gold Coast Dr. Kwame Nkrumah with Egyptian Egyptologist Pahor Labib at the Coptic Museum in Cairo, Egypt, in 1956.

When the colonial administration rejected the People's Assembly's recommendations, Nkrumah organized a "Positive Action" campaign on 1 January 1950, including civil disobedience, non-cooperation, boycotts, and strikes. That day the colonial administration immediately arrested Nkrumah and many CPP supporters, and he was sentenced to three years in prison.
Facing international protests and internal resistance, the British decided to leave the Gold Coast. Britain organized the first general election to be held under universal franchise on 5–10 February 1951. Though Nkrumah was in jail, his CPP was elected by a landslide, taking 34 out of 38 elected seats in the Legislative Assembly. Komla Agbeli Gbedemah is credited with organizing Nkrumah's entire campaign while he (Nkrumah) was still in prison at Fort James.^[11] Nkrumah was released from prison on 12 February and was summoned by Sir Charles Arden-Clarke, the Governor, and asked to form a government on 13 February. The new Legislative Assembly met on 20 February, with Nkrumah as Leader of Government Business, and E.C. Quist as President of the Assembly.
A year later, the constitution was amended to provide for a Prime Minister on 10 March 1952, and Nkrumah was elected to that post by a secret ballot in the Assembly, 45 to 31, with eight abstentions on 21 March.
He presented his "Motion of Destiny" to the Assembly, requesting independence within the British Commonwealth "as soon as the necessary constitutional arrangements are made" on 10 July 1953, and that body approved it.

Independence

US President John F. Kennedy with Nkrumah, March 1961.

As a leader of this government, Nkrumah faced many challenges: first, to learn to govern; second, to unify the four territories of the Gold Coast; third, to win his nation's complete independence from the United Kingdom. Nkrumah was successful at all three goals. Within six years of his release from prison, he was the leader of an independent nation.
At 12 noon on 6 March 1957, Nkrumah declared Ghana independent. The country became independent as a Commonwealth realm. He was hailed as the Osagyefo - which means "redeemer" in the Twi language.^[12]

US President John F. Kennedy attending the arrival ceremonies for Nkrumah, March 1961.

On 6 March 1960, Nkrumah announced plans for a new constitution which would make Ghana a republic. The draft included a provision to surrender Ghanaian sovereignty to a Union of African States. On 19, 23, and 27 April 1960 a presidential election and plebiscite on the constitution were held. The constitution was ratified and Nkrumah was elected president over J. B. Danquah, the UP candidate, 1,016,076 to 124,623.
In 1961, Nkrumah laid the first stones in the foundation of the Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute created to train Ghanaian civil servants as well as promote Pan-Africanism. In 1964, all students entering college in Ghana were required to attend a two-week "ideological orientation" at the Institute.^[13] Nkrumah remarked that "trainees should be made to realize the party's ideology is religion, and should be practiced faithfully and fervently."^[14]
In 1963, Nkrumah was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize by the Soviet Union. Ghana became a charter member of the Organization of African Unity in 1963.
The Gold Coast had been among the wealthiest and most socially advanced areas in Africa, with schools, railways, hospitals, social security and an advanced economy. Under Nkrumah's leadership, Ghana adopted some socialist policies and practices. Nkrumah created a welfare system, started various community programs, and established schools.
Nkrumah's time in office was initially successful, with forestry, fishing, and cattle-breeding expanded, production of cocoa (Ghana’s main export) doubled, and modest deposits of bauxite and gold exploited more effectively. The construction of a dam on the Volta River (launched in 1961) provided water for irrigation and hydro-electric power, which produced enough electricity for the towns as well as for a new aluminum plant. Government funds were also provided for village projects in which local people built schools and roads,^[15] while free health care and education were introduced.^[16]

Politics

He generally took a non-aligned Marxist perspective on economics, and believed capitalism had malignant effects that were going to stay with Africa for a long time. Although he was clear on distancing himself from the African socialism of many of his contemporaries, Nkrumah argued that socialism was the system that would best accommodate the changes that capitalism had brought, while still respecting African values. He specifically addresses these issues and his politics in a 1967 essay entitled "African Socialism Revisited":

"We know that the traditional African society was founded on principles of egalitarianism. In its actual workings, however, it had various shortcomings. Its humanist impulse, nevertheless, is something that continues to urge us towards our all-African socialist reconstruction. We postulate each man to be an end in himself, not merely a means; and we accept the necessity of guaranteeing each man equal opportunities for his development. The implications of this for socio-political practice have to be worked out scientifically, and the necessary social and economic policies pursued with resolution. Any meaningful humanism must begin from egalitarianism and must lead to objectively chosen policies for safeguarding and sustaining egalitarianism. Hence, socialism. Hence, also, scientific socialism."^[17]

Nkrumah was also best known politically for his strong commitment to and promotion of Pan-Africanism. He was inspired by the writings of black intellectuals such as Marcus Garvey, W. E. B. Du Bois, and George Padmore, and his relationships with them. Much of his understanding and relationship to these men was created during his years in America as a student. Some would argue that his greatest inspiration was Marcus Garvey. Although he also had a meaningful relationship with C.L.R. James. Nkrumah looked to these men in order to craft a general solution to the ills of Africa. To follow in these intellectual footsteps Nkrumah had intended to continue his education in London, but ultimately found himself involved in direct activism. Then, motivated by advice from Du Bois, Nkrumah decided to focus on creating peace in Africa. Nkrumah's dedications to pan-africanism in action attracted these intellectuals to his Ghanaian projects. Many Americans, such as Du Bois and Kwame Ture, moved to Ghana to join him in his efforts. These men are buried there today.^[18] Nkrumah's biggest success in this area was his significant influence in the founding of the Organization of African Unity.

Economics

Main article: Economy of Ghana

Nkrumah attempted to rapidly industrialize Ghana's economy. He reasoned that if Ghana escaped the colonial trade system by reducing dependence on foreign capital, technology, and material goods, it could become truly independent. However, overspending on capital projects caused the country to be driven into debt—estimated as much as $1 billion USD by the time he was ousted in 1966.^[19]

Decline and fall

The year 1954 was pivotal for the Nkrumah era. In that year's independence elections, he tallied some of the independence election vote. However, that same year saw the world price of cocoa rise from £150 to £450 per ton. Rather than allowing cocoa farmers to maintain the windfall, Nkrumah appropriated the increased revenue via central government levies, then invested the capital into various national development projects. This policy alienated one of the major constituencies that helped him come to power.
From 1958 onward, Nkrumah's regime became increasingly authoritarian. After the Gold Miners' Strike of 1955, Nkrumah introduced the Trade Union Act, which made strikes illegal. While Nkrumah had organized strikes just a few years before, he now opposed industrial democracy because it conflicted with rapid industrial development. When he suspected opponents in parliament of plotting against him, he wrote the Preventive Detention Act that made it possible for his administration to arrest and detain anyone charged with treason or otherwise deemed a security risk without due process of law in the judicial system. Prisoners were often held without trial, and their only legal method of recourse was personal appeal to Nkrumah himself.

Nkrumah Hall at the University of Dar es Salaam in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

When the railway workers went on strike in 1961, Nkrumah ordered strike leaders and opposition politicians arrested under the Trade Union Act of 1958. He told the unions that their days as advocates for the safety and just compensation of miners were over, and that their new job was to work with management to mobilize human resources. Wages must give way to patriotic duty because the good of the nation superseded the good of individual workers, Nkrumah's administration contended.
The Detention Act led to widespread disaffection with Nkrumah’s administration. Some of his associates used the law to arrest innocent people to acquire their political offices and business assets. Advisers close to Nkrumah became reluctant to question policies for fear that they might be seen as opponents. When the clinics ran out of pharmaceuticals, no one notified him. Some people believed that he no longer cared. Police came to resent their role in society, particularly after Nkrumah superseded most of their duties and responsibilities with his personal guard - the National Security Service and presidential Guard regiments. Nkrumah disappeared from public view out of a fear of assassination following multiple attempts on his life. In 1964, he proposed a constitutional amendment which would make the CPP the only legal party and himself president for life of both nation and party. The amendment passed with 99.91 percent of the vote, an implausibly high total that led observers to condemn the vote as "obviously rigged."^[20] In any event, Ghana had effectively been a one-party state since independence. The amendment transformed Nkrumah's presidency into a de facto legal dictatorship.

Akosombo hydroelectric dam

Nkrumah's advocacy of industrial development, with help of longtime friend and Minister of Finance, Komla Agbeli Gbedema, led to the construction of a hydroelectric power plant, the Akosombo Dam on the Volta River in eastern Ghana. Kaiser Aluminum agreed to build the dam for Nkrumah, but restricted what could be produced using the power generated. Nkrumah borrowed money to build the dam, and placed Ghana in debt. To finance the debt, he raised taxes on the cocoa farmers in the south. This accentuated regional differences and jealousy. The dam was completed and opened by Nkrumah amidst world publicity on 22 January 1966.
Nkrumah wanted Ghana to have modern armed forces, so he acquired aircraft and ships, and introduced conscription.

He also gave military support to rebels fighting against the government of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), which had declared independence from Britain in 1965. In February 1966, while Nkrumah was on a state visit to North Vietnam and China, his government was overthrown in a military coup led by Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka and the National Liberation Council. Nkrumah believed that the CIA had supported the coup, but this accusation was based off forged evidence given to him by the KGB.^[21] No official documentary evidence exists implicating the United States in the coup.^[22]

Exile, death and tributes

Memorial to Kwame Nkrumah in Accra

Kwame Nkrumah's grave inside the Kwame Nkrumah memorial in Accra

The Soviet Union's postage stamp marking the 80th anniversary of the birth of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972)

Nkrumah never returned to Ghana, but he continued to push for his vision of African unity. He lived in exile in Conakry, Guinea, as the guest of President Ahmed Sékou Touré, who made him honorary co-president of the country. He read, wrote, corresponded, gardened, and entertained guests. Despite retirement from public office, he was still frightened of western intelligence agencies. When his cook died, he feared that someone would poison him, and began hoarding food in his room. He suspected that foreign agents were going through his mail, and lived in constant fear of abduction and assassination. In failing health, he flew to Bucharest, Romania, for medical treatment in August 1971. He died of skin cancer in April 1972 at the age of 62.
Nkrumah was buried in a tomb in the village of his birth, Nkroful, Ghana. While the tomb remains in Nkroful, his remains were transferred to a large national memorial tomb and park in Accra.
Over his lifetime, Nkrumah was awarded honorary doctorates by Lincoln University, Moscow State University; Cairo University in Cairo, Egypt; Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland; Humboldt University in the former East Berlin; and many other universities.^[9]
In 2000, he was voted Africa's man of the millennium by listeners to the BBC World Service, being described by the BBC as a "Hero of Independence," and an "International symbol of freedom as the leader of the first black African country to shake off the chains of colonial rule."^[23]
In September 2009, then President John Atta Mills declared 21 September (the 100th anniversary of Kwame Nkrumah's birth), Founder's Day. A statutory holiday in Ghana to celebrate the legacy of Kwame Nkrumah.^[24]

Works by Kwame Nkrumah

• "Negro History: European Government in Africa", The Lincolnian, 12 April 1938, p. 2 (Lincoln University, Pennsylvania) - see Special Collections and Archives, Lincoln University
• Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah (1957). ISBN 0-901787-60-4
• Africa Must Unite (1963). ISBN 0-901787-13-2
• African Personality (1963)
• Neo-Colonialism: the Last Stage of Imperialism (1965). ISBN 0-901787-23-X

With this book Nkrumah coined the term "neo-colonialism" –

"The essence of neo-colonialism is that the State which is subject to it is, in theory, independent and has all the outward trappings of international sovereignty. In reality its economic system and thus its political policy is directed from outside." (Introduction)

• Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah (1967). ISBN 0-901787-54-X
• African Socialism Revisited (1967)
• Voice From Conakry (1967). ISBN 90-17-87027-3
• Dark Days in Ghana (1968). ISBN 0-7178-0046-6
• Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare (1968) - first introduction of Pan-African pellet compass. ISBN 0-7178-0226-4
• Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for De-Colonisation (1970). ISBN 0-901787-11-6
• Class Struggle in Africa (1970). ISBN 0-901787-12-4
• The Struggle Continues (1973). ISBN 0-901787-41-8
• I Speak of Freedom (1973). ISBN 0-901787-14-0
• Revolutionary Path (1973). ISBN 0-901787-22-1

See also

• List of Ghana Heads of state by age
• Fathia Nkrumah
• Nkrumah government

References

1. ^ ^{a b} E. Jessup, John. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996. p. 533.
2. ^ Mazrui 1966, p. 9: "There is little doubt that, quite consciously, Nkrumah saw himself as an African Lenin. He wanted to go down in history as a major political theorist—and he wanted a particular stream of thought to bear his own name. Hence the term 'Nkrumahism'—a name for an ideology that he hoped would assume the same historic and revolutionary status as 'Leninism'."
3. ^ "Rulers - Appiah Kofi". Lists of heads of state and heads of government. Rulers.org. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
4. ^ Asante Fordjour (6 March 2006). Feature Article (Ghana Home Page).
5. ^ "Kwame Nkrumah Biography". Ghana to Ghana The Place for Ghana News and Entertainment. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
6. ^ Yaw Owusu, Robert (2005). Kwame Nkrumah's Liberation Thought: A Paradigm for Religious Advocacy in Contemporary Ghana. p. 97.
7. ^ Susan Altman, The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage, Chapter M, p. 179.
8. ^ special Collections and Archives, Lincoln University.
9. ^ ^{a b c} "Education For Leadership: The Vision of Kwame Nkrumah". kwamenkrumahcentenary.orgm. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
10. ^ "The Rise And Fall of Kwame Nkrumah". Ghana to Ghana The Place for Ghana News and Entertainment. December 30, 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
11. ^ Birmingham, David. Kwame Nkrumah: The Father of African Nationalism (revised edition), Ohio University Press, 1998.
12. ^ Zimmerman, Jonathan (2008-10-23). "The ghost of Kwame Nkrumah". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
13. ^ National Reconciliation Commission Report. 2004. p. 251
14. ^ Nkrumah's Deception of Africa. Ghana Ministry of Information. 1967.
15. ^ Norman Lowe, Mastering Modern World History.
16. ^ "The Road to Ghana's Healthcare Financing - From Nkrumah to Health Insurance.
17. ^ "African Socialism Revisited" by Kwame Nkrumah 1967
18. ^ Afari-Gyan, Kwadwo. "KWAME NKRUMAH, GEORGE PADMORE AND W.E.B. DU BOIS." RESEARCH REVIEW NS VOL.7 (1991): 1-5. Print.
19. ^ "Political and Economic History of Ghana". sjsu.edu. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
20. ^ Anthony, S. (1969), "The State of Ghana", African Affairs Vol. 68, No. 273, pp. 337-39.
21. ^ Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 452-453, 583.
22. ^ John Prados, Safe For Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), 329.
23. ^ "Kwame Nkrumah's Vision of Africa", 14 September 2000.
24. ^ "Nkrumah's birthday declared a holiday". modernghana.com. September 4, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2013.

Further reading

• Birmingham, David (1998). Kwame Nkrumah: The Father of African Nationalism. Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1242-6.
• Tuchscherer, Konrad (2006). "Kwame Francis Nwia Kofie Nkrumah". In Coppa, Frank J. Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators. New York: Peter Lang. pp. 217–20. ISBN 0-8204-5010-3.
• Davidson, Basil (2007) [1973]. Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah. Oxford, UK: James Currey. ISBN 978-1-84701-010-0.
• Defense Intelligence Agency, "Supplement, Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana", 12-January-1966.
• James, C. L. R. (1977). Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution. London: Allison & Busby. ISBN 0-85031-461-5.
• Mazrui, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar". Transition (26): 8–17. JSTOR 2934320.
• Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2006). "Nyerere and Nkrumah: Towards African Unity". Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era (Third ed.). Pretoria, South Africa: New Africa Press. pp. 347–355. ISBN 0-9802534-1-1.
• Poe, D. Zizwe (2003). Kwame Nkrumah's Contribution to Pan-African Agency. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-50537-9.
• Sanders, Charles L. (September 1966). "Kwame Nkrumah: the Fall of a Messiah". Ebony (USA).

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Kwame Nkrumah

• Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum and Museum at Nkroful, Western Region
• Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park & Museum, Accra
• Ghana-pedia Dr. Kwame Nkrumah
• Ghana-pedia Operation Cold Chop: The Fall Of Kwame Nkrumah
• Dr Kwame Nkrumah
• Excerpt from Commanding Heights by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw
• Timeline of events related to the overthrow of Kwame Nkrumah
• The Kwame Nkrumah Lectures at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana, 2007
• Kwame Nkrumah Information and Resource Site
• Ghana re-evaluates Nkrumah by The Global Post
• Dr Kwame Nkrumah's Midnight Speech on the day of Ghana's independence – 6 March 1957.

Party political offices
New title	Leader of the Convention People's Party 1948–66	Succeeded by Parties banned
Political offices
New title	Prime Minister of the Gold Coast 1952–57	Succeeded by Himself as Prime Minister of Ghana
Preceded by Himself as Prime Minister of the Gold Coast	Prime Minister of Ghana 1957–60	Succeeded by Himself as President
Preceded by Elizabeth II as Head of State Himself as Head of Government	President of Ghana 1960–66	Succeeded by Lt. Gen. Joseph A. Ankrah Military Head of State
New title	Foreign Minister 1957–58	Succeeded by Kojo Botsio
Preceded by Krobo Edusei	Interior Minister 1958	Succeeded by Ashford Emmanuel Inkumsah
Preceded by Ebenezer Ako-Adjei	Foreign Minister 1962–63	Succeeded by Kojo Botsio
New title	Minister for Defence 1957–60	Succeeded by Charles de Graft Dickson
Preceded by Gamal Abdel Nasser	Chairperson of the Organization of African Unity 1965–66	Succeeded by Joseph Arthur Ankrah

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